The reader expects the parentheses to signal an interruption to the flow and structure of the entire sentence, so the language of the explanatory content need not blend perfectly with the host expression. However, the reader needs to read the parenthetical expression to understand the concept. We conducted two user studies on the effects of parenthetical insertion on simplification. The subjects were asked to read short passages and answer questions about the actual and perceived difficulty of the text. Subjects were recruited on Amazon Mechanical Turk , an online service that allows human workers to complete small tasks for monetary compensation. We restricted the workers to being in the United States with 95% approval ratings on previous tasks.
Kandula S, Curtis D, Zeng-Treitler Q. A semantic and syntactic text simplification tool for health content. Another source of synonyms is coinages, which may be motivated by linguistic purism. Thus the English word foreword was coined to replace the Romance preface. In Turkish, okul was coined to replace the Arabic-derived mektep and mederese, but those words continue to be used in some contexts. Synonyms are often some from the different strata making up a language. For example, in English, Norman French superstratum words and Old English substratum words continue to coexist. Thus, today we have synonyms like the Norman-derived people, liberty and archer, and the Saxon-derived folk, freedom and bowman.
Different Words For said That Express Shock Or Surprise
We can consider parallelism as the similarity between difficult concepts in a list, which indicates a consistency in the theme or semantic types. Another aspect of parallelism is using parentheses and other cohesion markers in a consistent manner. Because adding definitions within parentheses is widely used in written English, this formulation has been adopted as the default for parenthetical insertions3. Nonetheless, there is little empirical support that one formulation is superior to the other. Synonyms often express a nuance of meaning or are used in different registers of speech or writing. Loanwords are another rich source of synonyms, often from the language of the dominant culture of a region.
In the context of text simplification, we only consider appositive parenthetical expressions enclosed by literal https://sharktank.soravit.in.th/essay-help-service/how-to-easily-create-a-perfect-american-dream/ parentheses in written texts. In fact, sometimes it’s okay to strategically omit attributions altogether.
Study 2: Multiple Parenthetical Insertions
The target terms always remain in the text, so readers can learn the difficult vocabularies in their medical texts. Difficult content benefited from putting the target term (i.e., difficult term) inside parentheses and incorporating the explanatory content into the text. In Study 1, PubMed passages with the term inside the parentheses had lower actual difficulty, while Wikipedia passages with what is a commentary essay an explanation in the parentheses had lower actual difficulty. The same pattern is observed in Study 2, though it is not statistically significant. Also in Study 1, in difficult texts, the texts were easier when a definition (i.e., difficult text) was incorporated in the text rather than in parentheses. A possible explanation is that parentheses provide a clear boundary for snippets of text.
Enabling text index synonyms allows Zing to expand text searches with additional search keywords. Contact us today to learn how Lucidworks can help your team create powerful search and discovery applications for your customers and employees. Table 2 summarizes the demographic characteristics of subjects whose responses were included in the analysis. More than half have a bachelor’s degree and about one-quarter have a high school diploma. About three-quarters are white and most of the respondents speak only English at home.
Words You Can Use Instead Of nice
MTurk has been used for tasks ranging from survey completion, data annotation or tagging, to user studies; study results have been shown to be as reliable as those from traditional approaches17, 18. Therefore, in a post hoc analysis, we examined the properties of the lists in our study. Six of the eight Wikipedia passages included lists of similar terms (terms are semantically related, such as “systolic” and “diastolic”), while five of the PubMed passages were lists with dissimilar terms. Parallel parentheses may highlight the similarity between related terms and make reading easier. The significant main effects we observed in Study 2, in which Wikipedia passages are actually and perceived to be easier than PubMed material, may be partially attributed to the similarity between the terms in the lists. However, in this study, similarity is also confounded with the difficulty of the source material.
- Practically, we need to generate more resources with consumer-friendly explanations of medical terminology, which is part of our ongoing research.
- For example, PubMed passages in Study 2 became more difficult after employing parenthetical insertion in non-optimal configurations.
- We investigate the impact of the difficulty of the source material and the parallelism of the parentheses.
- In the context of text simplification, we only consider appositive parenthetical expressions enclosed by literal parentheses in written texts.
- Augmenting the text with simple explanations for difficult terms can reduce the difficulty of the text.
Kandula et al.’s system specializes in the medical domain and also first searches for consumer-friendly synonyms to medical terms in the Open Access and Collaborative Consumer Health Vocabulary3. When that is unavailable, they generated simple explanations using high-level relationships write an analytical essay in the UMLS3. Average accuracy on three multiple-choice questions about the content of the passage, which the subjects answer without the text present. One question specifically focuses on the meaning of the target term, which is most directly related to the parenthetical expression.
Stated Sentence Examples
Browse other questions tagged elasticsearch or ask your own question. I expect “United States of America” synonyms for the text states to be converted as synonyms in elasticsearch and elasticsearch should match all three docs.
What images do you see in your mind when you read the following sentences; “the water in the pond was dark”, “the water in the pond was murky”. The word “murky” gives a more exciting and vivid description of the appearance of the pond water. Alternatively, dialogue attributions in creative writing are another place where word variety is important. Your attributions are a great way for you to add emotion and imagery to your work. That means sometimes you might simply use “said,” sometimes you might use a more expressive synonym for “said,” and other times you might forego attributions altogether.
Words To Replace said That Reveal Information
The first situation where you can expect to see writers exclusively using “said” is in any type of writing that relies on AP Style. “AP” stands for “Associated Press,” and this set of style guidelines is the standard for journalistic writing. This includes writing for newspapers, magazines, and public relations how long is essay in the United States. AP Style provides a lot of rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, and language use, and using “said” for quote attribution is one of those rules. The use of synonyms also helps to make your writing more vivid and to create a more intriguing image in the mind of the reader.
If you are looking for ways to improve upon your writing skills start by learning some new synonyms. The correct use of synonyms can transform your writing from boring to exciting or from repetitive to imaginative. For example, “drab”, “ebony”, “murky”, synonyms for the text states “dull” and “shady” are all synonyms for “dark”. You can make your writing much more captivating by choosing lively synonyms for the words in your sentences. For example instead of saying, “His hair was dark”, you can say “His hair was inky”.
Synonyms & Antonyms Of Says
To draw more generalizable conclusions, future research should use passages that were originally published with difficult terms in positions of interest in the sentence. Additionally, we used Wikipedia articles and PubMed abstracts to represent simple and difficult texts, respectively. However, in addition to lexical difficulty, these texts also differ in writing style, which is a nuanced concept we can’t address in the scope of this study. As a result, phrase query “United States sales” will not match this document, and phrase query “United sales” will improperly match.
Subjects recruited on MTurk were redirected to a survey on Qualtrics. We used Qualtrics’ randomization features to assign 8 passages to each subject. The sentence is preceded and followed by one or two sentences from the same document that provide context for the passage. The context does not contain difficult terms or difficult terms can be removed. The sentence can be edited to satisfy all experiment conditions, i.e., the definition and explanation for the term can be incorporated into the text of the sentence with minimal editing. Study 1 also requires that the target term can be moved to the end of the sentence with only minor changes to the words in the sentence.
Thesaurus Entries Near Says
There are a ton of synonyms for “said” that express anger, and we’ve included several of them for you here. We’re going to kick off our list by giving you a lot of other words for “said” by emotion, starting with synonyms for “said” that convey a happy, joyful, or positive tone. In writing, especially creative-writing, repeating the same words numerous times can make writing dull or uninteresting. Replacing a word with an equivalent one, perhaps even a more specific one, can improve how you are communicating your ideas. Index-time synonym expansion is an alternative to query-time expansion, but expanding synonyms at index-time has two major problems. Leroy G, Kauchak D. The effect of word familiarity on actual and perceived text difficulty. We have preliminary but non-significant evidence suggesting that parallelism in a list may play a role in simplification.
Documents with rare synonyms will score higher than those with common synonyms. One workaround using OOTB Solr could be to combine a query over a field with no query-time synonym expansion, boosted higher, with a query over a copy-fielded field with query-time synonym expansion, boosted lower. In general, simplification strategies are inconsistent across different types of text. For example, PubMed passages in Study 2 became more difficult after employing parenthetical insertion in non-optimal configurations.